Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, hedef toplumun ger\u00e7ekleriyle uyu\u015fmayan bulgular konusunda yard\u0131ma ihtiya\u00e7 duyabilir. Bunun \u00e7ok say\u0131da nedeni vard\u0131r, ancak se\u00e7im yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 en \u00f6nemlisidir. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma \u00f6rnekleminin ilgilenilen pop\u00fclasyonu do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde temsil etmesi gerekti\u011finde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar ve ara\u015ft\u0131rma sonu\u00e7lar\u0131nda farkl\u0131l\u0131klara neden olur.<\/p>\n
Se\u00e7im yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, pratik etkilerini ve bundan ka\u00e7\u0131nman\u0131n en iyi yollar\u0131n\u0131 anlamak, etkileriyle ba\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kman\u0131za yard\u0131mc\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. Veri toplama s\u00fcrecinizi nas\u0131l geli\u015ftirece\u011finiz hakk\u0131nda bilmeniz gereken her \u015fey bu yaz\u0131da ele al\u0131nacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Se\u00e7im yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, ara\u015ft\u0131rma \u00f6rnekleminizin yanl\u0131\u015f temsil edilmesine yol a\u00e7an deneysel hatalar\u0131 ifade eder. Kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 havuzu veya veriler hedef grubu temsil etmedi\u011finde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n
Se\u00e7im yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir nedeni, ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131n\u0131n alt grup \u00f6zelliklerini dikkate almamas\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6rnek veri de\u011fi\u015fkenleri ile ara\u015ft\u0131rma evreni aras\u0131nda temel farkl\u0131l\u0131klara neden olur.<\/p>\n
Se\u00e7im yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda \u00e7e\u015fitli nedenlerle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 \u00f6rneklem kitlesini yanl\u0131\u015f kriterler kullanarak se\u00e7erse, bu yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131z \u00f6rne\u011fini bulabilir. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fclerinin kat\u0131l\u0131m iste\u011fini etkileyen unsurlar nedeniyle de meydana gelebilir.<\/p>\n
\u00d6\u011frenme bilimlerindeki t\u00fcm istatistiksel modeller veri gerektirir. \u0130statistiksel olarak ge\u00e7erli bir dizi model geli\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in iyi veri \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir, ancak yetersiz bilgi elde etmek \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 derecede kolayd\u0131r. Se\u00e7im yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, veri toplamadan analize kadar t\u00fcm s\u00fcre\u00e7 a\u015famalar\u0131nda ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131 etkilemektedir. <\/span><\/p>\n \u00d6rne\u011fin, ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n bulgular\u0131n\u0131n di\u011fer insanlar veya farkl\u0131 ortamlar i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli olmayabilece\u011fini fark etmeleri gerekebilir. Bu hata t\u00fcr\u00fcnde, bireyler iki veya daha fazla gruptan birine rastgele atan\u0131r, ancak sadece kay\u0131t olabilecek baz\u0131 ki\u015filer ger\u00e7ekten kat\u0131l\u0131r. <\/span><\/p>\n Bu, belirli bir program i\u00e7in uygun aday olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen ki\u015filerin kat\u0131lmay\u0131 se\u00e7ebilece\u011fi veya se\u00e7meyebilece\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, programa kat\u0131lanlar kat\u0131lmayanlardan farkl\u0131 \u00f6zelliklere sahip olabilir. Rastgele olmayan se\u00e7im s\u00fcrecinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, nedensellik ve buna ba\u011fl\u0131 istatistikler hakk\u0131nda yanl\u0131\u015f \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131mlara ve toplanan verilerin ge\u00e7ersiz k\u0131l\u0131nmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7abilir. <\/span><\/p>\n Se\u00e7im yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bir\u00e7ok t\u00fcr\u00fc vard\u0131r ve bunlar\u0131n her biri verilerinizin ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini belirli bir \u015fekilde etkiler. En yayg\u0131n olanlardan baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerinden ge\u00e7elim:<\/span><\/p>\n \u00d6rnekleme yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00f6nemli bir de\u011fi\u015fkenle ilgili olarak pop\u00fclasyonumuzda olabilecek t\u00fcm ki\u015filerden veri toplamad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bir t\u00fcr se\u00e7im yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Bunun nedenlerinden baz\u0131lar\u0131 \u015funlar olabilir: Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131, \u00f6rneklemini \u00e7o\u011funlukla kolayda veya uygun \u00f6rnekleme yoluyla ya da bazen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma deneklerine benzeyen ve benzer \u00f6zelliklere sahip olan ancak hen\u00fcz pop\u00fclasyondan rastgele se\u00e7ilmemi\u015f bireyleri dikkatlice se\u00e7erek toplar. <\/span><\/p>\n Bu durum, s\u00f6z konusu vakaya ili\u015fkin istatistiksel analizleri ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7arp\u0131tabilir<\/span><\/p>\n Daha fazlas\u0131n\u0131 okuyun:<\/span> “G\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc \u00f6nyarg\u0131s\u0131” olarak da bilinen bu t\u00fcr se\u00e7im \u00f6nyarg\u0131s\u0131, bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya kat\u0131lmay\u0131 se\u00e7en ki\u015filer ilgilenilen daha b\u00fcy\u00fck n\u00fcfusu temsil etmedi\u011finde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. \u00d6rne\u011fin, \u00f6\u011frencilerin kariyer tercihlerini incelemek istiyorsan\u0131z, yaln\u0131zca varl\u0131kl\u0131 \u00f6\u011frencileri \u00e7ekmesiyle bilinen okullardan \u00f6\u011frencileri \u00e7ekebilirsiniz. G\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc \u00f6nyarg\u0131s\u0131, bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma belirli bir \u0131rktan insanlar\u0131 inceledi\u011finde ancak bu \u0131rk\u0131n \u00fcyesi olarak tan\u0131mlanan yeterli say\u0131da kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilir.<\/span><\/p>\n Di\u011fer t\u00fcm \u00f6nyarg\u0131 t\u00fcrleri gibi, \u00f6z se\u00e7im \u00f6nyarg\u0131s\u0131 da ara\u015ft\u0131rmada toplanan verileri \u00e7arp\u0131tmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7o\u011fu durumda, ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 son derece hatal\u0131 sonu\u00e7larla ve sistematik ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n var olmayan ge\u00e7erlili\u011fiyle sonu\u00e7lanacakt\u0131r. <\/span><\/p>\n Yan\u0131t vermeme \u00f6nyarg\u0131s\u0131, insanlar bir anketi yan\u0131tlamad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda veya bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma projesine kat\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Anket ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131nda kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar uygun becerilere sahip olmad\u0131klar\u0131nda, zamanlar\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ya da konuyla ilgili su\u00e7luluk veya utan\u00e7 duyduklar\u0131nda bu durum s\u0131kl\u0131kla ya\u015fan\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u00d6rne\u011fin, Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar bilgisayar bilimcilerinin yeni bir yaz\u0131l\u0131m par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l g\u00f6rd\u00fckleriyle ilgilenirler. Bir anket yapt\u0131lar ve bir\u00e7ok bilgisayar bilimcisinin yan\u0131t vermedi\u011fini veya bitirmedi\u011fini g\u00f6rd\u00fcler.<\/i><\/p>\n Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n verileri ald\u0131ktan sonra yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n m\u00fckemmel ve y\u00fcksek kaliteli oldu\u011funa inand\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 tespit etti. Ancak, yeni yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 bilgisayar bilimcilerinin tamam\u0131na sunduktan sonra \u00e7o\u011funlukla olumsuz ele\u015ftiriler ald\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffederler.<\/i><\/p>\n Anket kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131, program kusurlar\u0131n\u0131 tespit edemeyen giri\u015f seviyesi bilgisayar bilimcileriydi. Ankete kat\u0131lanlar, daha \u00f6nemli olan bilgisayar bilimcisi n\u00fcfusunu yans\u0131tmamaktad\u0131r. Bu nedenle sonu\u00e7lar hatal\u0131 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/i><\/p>\n Dahil etme yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 kas\u0131tl\u0131 olarak baz\u0131 alt gruplar\u0131 \u00f6rneklem pop\u00fclasyonuna dahil etti\u011finde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Yan\u0131t vermeyen \u00f6rnekleme yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile yak\u0131ndan ili\u015fkilidir ve sistematik ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131z\u0131n i\u00e7 ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini<\/a> etkiler.<\/span><\/p>\n Uzmanlar dahil etme yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 “hastalar\u0131n randomizasyon sonras\u0131 bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya dahil edilmesinden ve sonraki analizlerden kaynaklanabilecek \u00e7e\u015fitli potansiyel yanl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 kapsayan toplu bir terim” olarak tan\u0131mlamaktad\u0131r. Bu durumda, ara\u015ft\u0131rma sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131z de\u011fi\u015fkenler aras\u0131nda yanl\u0131\u015f bir ba\u011flant\u0131 kurabilir.<\/span><\/p>\n D\u0131\u015flama yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, baz\u0131 alt gruplar\u0131 gruplara rastgele ay\u0131rmadan \u00f6nce kas\u0131tl\u0131 olarak \u00f6rneklem pop\u00fclasyonundan d\u0131\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Kanser veya HIV\/AIDS gibi belirli rahats\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131 olan hastalar\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015f olabilirsiniz, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu ki\u015filer \u00fczerinde r\u0131zalar\u0131 olmadan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yapmak etik olmayacakt\u0131r. Ya da belki de klinik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda ba\u015fka bir tedavi se\u00e7ene\u011fine eri\u015fimlerini sa\u011flamak istemedi\u011finiz i\u00e7in onlar\u0131 d\u0131\u015flad\u0131n\u0131z. Baz\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar da klinik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara kat\u0131lamayacak kadar hasta veya ya\u015fl\u0131 olan ki\u015fileri dahil etmemeyi tercih etmektedir (\u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu ki\u015filer etkin bir \u015fekilde kat\u0131lamayabilir veya kat\u0131l\u0131mdan yeterince fayda sa\u011flayamayabilir).<\/span><\/p>\n Hat\u0131rlama yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n en yayg\u0131n bi\u00e7imlerinden biri geriye d\u00f6n\u00fck haf\u0131za \u00e7arp\u0131tmas\u0131d\u0131r. Geriye d\u00f6n\u00fck haf\u0131za \u00e7arp\u0131tmas\u0131, insanlar olaylar\u0131 ve deneyimleri as\u0131l ama\u00e7lar\u0131ndan ziyade mevcut ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131na uygun bir \u015fekilde hat\u0131rlad\u0131klar\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. \u00d6rne\u011fin, bir ki\u015fi bir olay\u0131 olumlu bir deneyim olarak hat\u0131rlayabilir, hatta olumsuz olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi halde e\u011flenceli olarak hat\u0131rlayabilir. Buna ek olarak, insanlar kendi hayatlar\u0131 veya ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n hayatlar\u0131 hakk\u0131ndaki ger\u00e7ekler gibi ara\u015ft\u0131rma konusu i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli olan ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 hat\u0131rlamakta zorluk \u00e7ektiklerinde geriye d\u00f6n\u00fck haf\u0131za \u00e7arp\u0131tmas\u0131 meydana gelebilir.<\/span><\/p>\n Geriye d\u00f6n\u00fck bellek \u00e7arp\u0131tmas\u0131, insanlar hat\u0131rlama raporlar\u0131na yanl\u0131\u015f bilgiler ekledi\u011finde de ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilir. Bu, hi\u00e7 olmam\u0131\u015f bir \u015feyi ya da ger\u00e7ekte oldu\u011fundan farkl\u0131 bir zamanda olmu\u015f bir \u015feyi rapor ettiklerinde meydana gelir. <\/span><\/p>\n \u00d6rne\u011fin, bir ki\u015fi belirli bir g\u00fcnde i\u015ften eve gitmek i\u00e7in be\u015f saat harcad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirebilir, ancak ger\u00e7ekte sadece \u00fc\u00e7 saatini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00f6nceden masas\u0131nda \u00f6\u011fle yeme\u011fi yemi\u015f ve g\u00fcn\u00fcn ilerleyen saatlerine kadar bunu unutmu\u015ftur.<\/span><\/p>\n Hayatta kalma yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fkenleri bir tarama yar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na tabi tuttu\u011funda ve prosed\u00fcr\u00fc ba\u015far\u0131yla tamamlayanlar\u0131 se\u00e7ti\u011finde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Bu \u00f6n se\u00e7im y\u00f6ntemi, g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fck eksikli\u011fi nedeniyle ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z de\u011fi\u015fkenleri elemektedir.<\/p>\n Hayatta kalma \u00f6nyarg\u0131s\u0131, ilgili verilere sahip olmasalar bile en ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 fakt\u00f6rlere odaklan\u0131r. Ara\u015ft\u0131rma sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirebilir ve ger\u00e7e\u011fi yans\u0131tmayan gereksiz olumlu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flere yol a\u00e7abilir.<\/p>\n Giri\u015fimcilerin ba\u015far\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fkenlerini ara\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 varsayal\u0131m. \u00c7o\u011fu \u00fcnl\u00fc giri\u015fimci \u00fcniversiteyi bitirmemi\u015ftir. \u00dcniversiteden g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir konseptle ayr\u0131lman\u0131n bir kariyer ba\u015flatmak i\u00e7in yeterli oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmenize neden olabilir. Ancak \u00fcniversiteyi b\u0131rakanlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu zengin olmuyor.<\/i><\/p>\n Ger\u00e7ekte, \u00e7ok daha fazla say\u0131da insan ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z i\u015fler kurmak i\u00e7in \u00fcniversiteyi b\u0131rakt\u0131. Bu \u00f6rnekte, hayatta kalma \u00f6nyarg\u0131s\u0131, sadece ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olan ayr\u0131lmalara dikkat etti\u011finizde ve ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olan ayr\u0131lmalar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu g\u00f6rmezden geldi\u011finizde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/i><\/p>\n Y\u0131pranma \u00f6nyarg\u0131s\u0131, baz\u0131 kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n anket devam ederken anketi terk etmesiyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, ara\u015ft\u0131rma bulgular\u0131n\u0131zda bir\u00e7ok bilinmeyen vard\u0131r ve bu da sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n kalitesini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/p>\n \u00c7o\u011fu zaman ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131, okulu b\u0131rakma de\u011fi\u015fkenleri aras\u0131nda e\u011filimler arar. Bu e\u011filimleri tespit edebilirseniz, kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n anketinizi neden aniden terk ettiklerini belirleyebilir ve uygun \u00f6nlemleri alabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n Eksik kapsama \u00f6nyarg\u0131s\u0131, temsili bir \u00f6rneklemin hedef n\u00fcfusun daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir oran\u0131ndan \u00e7ekilmesi durumunda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. \u00c7evrimi\u00e7i anketler \u00f6zellikle eksik kapsam yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 savunmas\u0131zd\u0131r.<\/p>\n Kendini bildiren sa\u011fl\u0131kla ilgili \u00e7evrimi\u00e7i bir ankette, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 alkol ve sigara i\u00e7me davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131na odakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 varsayal\u0131m. Yine de, anketi y\u00fcr\u00fctme \u015fekliniz nedeniyle, internet kullanmayan insanlar\u0131 kas\u0131tl\u0131 olarak d\u0131\u015far\u0131da b\u0131rak\u0131yorsunuz.<\/i><\/p>\n Bu \u015fekilde, daha ya\u015fl\u0131 ve daha az e\u011fitimli bireyler \u00f6rnekleminizin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kal\u0131r. \u0130nternet kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 ve kullanmayanlar \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6sterdi\u011finden, \u00e7evrimi\u00e7i anketinizden g\u00fcvenilir sonu\u00e7lar elde edemezsiniz.<\/i><\/p>\n Bir sonu\u00e7 (ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fken) ile \u00e7e\u015fitli yorday\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fkenler aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkinin g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc tahmin etmek bir\u00e7ok ara\u015ft\u0131rma sorusu i\u00e7in gereklidir. Se\u00e7im yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ka\u00e7\u0131nmak i\u00e7in genellikle iki de\u011fi\u015fkenli analiz ve \u00e7oklu regresyon y\u00f6ntemleri kullan\u0131l\u0131r. <\/span><\/p>\n \u0130ki de\u011fi\u015fkenli analiz, genellikle iki de\u011fi\u015fken aras\u0131ndaki ampirik ili\u015fkiyi belirlemek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan nicel bir analizdir. Bu y\u00f6ntemde ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar her bir yorday\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fkeni ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7er ve ard\u0131ndan sonu\u00e7 de\u011fi\u015fkenini etkileyip etkilemedi\u011fini belirlemek i\u00e7in istatistiksel testler uygular. <\/span><\/p>\n Yorday\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fkenler ile sonu\u00e7 aras\u0131nda bir ili\u015fki yoksa, veri toplama s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinde se\u00e7im yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair herhangi bir kan\u0131t bulamayacaklard\u0131r. Ancak, bu de\u011fi\u015fkenler aras\u0131nda bir t\u00fcr ili\u015fki varsa, o zaman bu veriler toplan\u0131rken bir miktar se\u00e7im yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilir. <\/span><\/p>\n \u00c7oklu regresyon y\u00f6ntemleri, ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n bir sonu\u00e7 (ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fken) ile \u00e7e\u015fitli yorday\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fkenler aras\u0131ndaki bu ili\u015fkinin g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc de\u011ferlendirmelerine olanak tan\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n Anket sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 se\u00e7im yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 yoluyla etkilemi\u015f olma ihtimaliniz y\u00fcksektir. Se\u00e7im yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ka\u00e7\u0131nman\u0131za yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tavsiyeleri g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irin:<\/p>\n Anketinizin yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirirken se\u00e7im yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ka\u00e7\u0131nmak i\u00e7in bu \u00f6nerilerden baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 deneyin:<\/p>\n Numune se\u00e7me s\u00fcrecinde bu stratejilerden baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 uygulamaya koymay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn:<\/p>\n De\u011ferlendirme ve do\u011frulama s\u00fcrecinden ge\u00e7erken, se\u00e7im yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ka\u00e7\u0131nmak i\u00e7in bu fikirlerden baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 uygulamaya koymay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeniz gerekir:<\/p>\n Bu h\u0131zl\u0131 anlat\u0131mla se\u00e7im yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan nas\u0131l ka\u00e7\u0131naca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenin <\/span> Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda, ara\u015ft\u0131rma sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcvenilirli\u011fini tehlikeye atan rastgele veya sistematik hatalar olma ihtimali her zaman vard\u0131r. Se\u00e7im yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli etkileri olabilir ve bu etkilerin ne kadar \u00f6nemli veya hangi y\u00f6nde oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek genellikle zordur. Bu etkiler, i\u015fletmeler i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakiler de dahil olmak \u00fczere \u00e7e\u015fitli sorunlara yol a\u00e7abilir:<\/p>\n \u0130\u015f planlamas\u0131 ve stratejisi i\u00e7in, temsili olmayan \u00f6rneklemlerden elde edilen i\u00e7g\u00f6r\u00fcler, hedef kitleyle uyumlu olmad\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde daha az faydal\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130\u015f kararlar\u0131 bu bulgulara dayand\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rsa para ve itibar kaybetme riski vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n Ara\u015ft\u0131rma, yanl\u0131\u015f verilerin bir sonucu olarak daha az g\u00fcvenilir hale gelir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, \u00f6rneklemin tarafl\u0131 olmas\u0131 nedeniyle analizin d\u0131\u015f ge\u00e7erlili\u011fi tehlikeye girmektedir.<\/p>\n Nihai sonu\u00e7lar \u00f6nyarg\u0131l\u0131ysa ve konuyu temsil etmiyorsa, \u00f6nemli i\u015f kararlar\u0131 al\u0131rken \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n bulgular\u0131na g\u00fcvenmek g\u00fcvenli de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n Se\u00e7im yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, t\u00fcrlerini ve ara\u015ft\u0131rma sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l etkiledi\u011fini anlamak, onunla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 ad\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r. Bunu tespit etmeye ve etkilerini en aza indirmek i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya yard\u0131mc\u0131 olacak \u00f6nemli veriler ke\u015ffettik. G\u00fcvenilir ara\u015ft\u0131rma verileri toplamak i\u00e7in QuestionPro’yu kullanarak se\u00e7im yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ka\u00e7\u0131nabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n N\u00f6tr olmayan \u00f6rneklerin sistem sorunlar\u0131yla birle\u015ftirilmesi gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli durumlar se\u00e7im yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na neden olabilir. Ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve de\u011fi\u015fim deneyimlerinde kullan\u0131lacak kurumsal d\u00fczeyde bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma arac\u0131 QuestionPro ara\u015ft\u0131rma paketidir.<\/p>\n QuestionPro Audience, ideal \u00f6rnekleminizden de\u011ferli veriler toplaman\u0131za yard\u0131mc\u0131 olabilir.<\/strong><\/p>\n Ara\u015ft\u0131rma y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcrken, se\u00e7im yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131 anlamak \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. Bu, ara\u015ft\u0131rma sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n \u00f6zelliklerinden etkilenme e\u011filimidir veya <\/span>Se\u00e7im \u00d6nyarg\u0131s\u0131 T\u00fcrleri<\/h2>\n
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\u00d6rnekleme Yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131:<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\n QuestionPro’dan Ara\u015ft\u0131rmada \u00d6nyarg\u0131 <\/span>
\n<\/a><\/p>\n\n
Kendi kendini se\u00e7me \u00f6nyarg\u0131s\u0131:<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
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Yan\u0131t vermeme yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
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D\u0131\u015flama \u00d6nyarg\u0131s\u0131:<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
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Hat\u0131rlama \u00d6nyarg\u0131s\u0131:<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
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Hayatta kalma \u00f6nyarg\u0131s\u0131<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
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Y\u0131pranma \u00f6nyarg\u0131s\u0131<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
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\u00d6rtbas \u00f6nyarg\u0131s\u0131<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Se\u00e7im \u00d6nyarg\u0131s\u0131ndan Nas\u0131l Ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131l\u0131r?<\/h2>\n
Anket tasar\u0131m\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda<\/h3>\n
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\u00d6rnekleme s\u0131ras\u0131nda<\/h3>\n
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De\u011ferlendirme s\u0131ras\u0131nda<\/h3>\n
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\n QuestionPro taraf\u0131ndan Audience videosu<\/span>
\n<\/a>!<\/span><\/p>\nSe\u00e7im yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n etkileri nelerdir?<\/h2>\n
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Gelir ve itibar kayb\u0131 riski<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
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Analizin d\u0131\u015f ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini etkiler<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
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Bu durum uygunsuz i\u015f kararlar\u0131na yol a\u00e7ar<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Sonu\u00e7<\/h2>\n
\n \u00f6rnek<\/span>
\n<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n